实用拳法训练的五个阶段
前言：洪均生宗师就套路系统化训练，将之分为六个阶段，即学架子、正架子、捏架子、顺架子、拆架子和定架子（详见https://www.zhenbudong.cn/archives/463）。陈中华老师从陈式太极拳实用拳法系统进阶学习的角度，将之分为五个阶段，即基本功、盘架子、拆拳、推手、散手。本文的英文部分从Youtube上陈老师2002年相关视频而来，中文翻译可供参考。
学习陈式太极拳实用拳法的第一阶段是基本功，或称基础。基本功的设计初衷是易于学习，同时又能阐明太极拳基础的重要性。这些基础是太极拳的原理，如果一个人想从太极练习中获得技击或健身方面的益处，这些原理是不容忽视的。在整个太极拳的修习过程中，基本功必须坚持练习并保持。有时我们也将基本功简称为 “功”。
第二阶段是
盘架子的练习。这指的是学习
固定编排结构（套路）的阶段。一般来说，这个阶段包括
一路、
炮捶、剑和刀。在实用拳法
体系中，我们特指这个阶段为
一路。“
一路” 指的是第一套拳。基本上说，
一路通过一系列编排好的
动作来复习基础。这些
动作既包含了太极拳的基础，也包含了技法。
一路拳也被称为 “
动功”。
第三阶段被称为
拆拳。这指的是将
动作拆解以应用。在英语中我们可以简单地称之为 “应用”。拆手是对太极拳技法的一个检验阶段。它帮助学生检查自己是否正确地执行了每一个技法。拆手也被称为 “
功法”。
推手是太极拳学习的第四阶段。这是综合阶段的第一步。在这个阶段，为学生建立了一个模拟的太极对抗环境，以测试其所学的有效性。这个阶段涉及在对抗中接住对手的击打、化解它并反击回去。除了是在受控环境下进行的，这是一个完整的防御执行过程。
推手是太极拳学习中最受欢迎的阶段。因为它几乎是真实的，许多太极拳练习者认为 “
推手”
就是太极拳的武术部分。如果他这样认为，他将无法从这个阶段继续进步。
学习太极拳的最后一个阶段是
散手。在
散手中，目标变成了真正的防御。太极拳的原理已经深深嵌入练习者的动作中。练习者现在处于一个可以自由移动和使用身
体的阶段，而无需考虑动作是否符合太极拳原理。这是太极拳被视为真正武术的唯一阶段。这个阶段必须以前
面四个阶段以及
器械重量的训练（如剑、刀、棍和
拧大杆）为后盾。这些额外的训练方法将赋予练习者在真实格斗情况下更大的力量。
Stages Of Taiji Practise
The first stage in the learning of Chen Style Taijiquan Practical Method is the Jibengong , or foundation. The Jibangong exercises are designed in a way that they are simple to learn and yet they illustrate the importance of taijiquan fundamentals. These fundamentals are the principles of taijiquan that cannot be ignored if one wants to benefit from Taiji exercises both martially or for health. Throughout the taijiquan experience, the jibengong must be practiced and maintained. Sometimes we also call the jibengong “Gong”.
The second stage is the practice of Panjiazi. This refers to the stage of learning the choreographed structures. In general, this stage includes the Yilu form, cannon fist form, sword and broad sword. In the practical method system, we specifically refer this stage to the Yilu form. Yilu refers to the first routine. Basically speaking, the Yilu form reviews the foundations in a series of choreographed moves. These moves contain both fundamentals and techniques of taijiquan. Yilu is also called “Moving Gong”.
The third stage is called Chaiquan.This refers to the taking apart of the moves for applications.We can simply call this stage “applicationsoins” in English. Chaishou is a testing stage for the techniques of taijiquan. It helps the student to examine whether he is executing each technique correctly .Chaishou is also called “Gong Method”.
Tuishou is the fourth stage in taijiquan learning. This is the first of the synthesized stage.In this stage, a simulated taiji fighting environment is set up for the student to test the validity of his learning. This stage involves dealing with opponents in taking the blow, neutralizing it and returning it. It is a complete execution of defense except it is done in a controlled environment.Tuishou is the most popular stage in the learning of taijiquan.Because it is almost real, many practitioners of taijiquan believe that “Tuishou” is the martial art part of taijiquan. If one believes so,he will not progress from this stage.
The last stage in learning taijiquan is “Sanshou”. In “Sanshou” the aim becomes defense. Taijiquan principles are imbedded in the practitioner’s movements already. The practitioner is now at a stage that he can move and use his body freely without considering whether it conforms to taijiquan principles. This is the only stage that taijiquan is considered a martial art. This stage must be backed up by the previous 4 stages and the training of weights such as sword, broad sword, staff and the shaking of the long pole. These added training methods will give the practitioner more power for real fighting situations.
